Birmingham Campaign free essay sample

Crusade †Essay notes Cause †¢Underlying reason for history of bondage, liberation, isolation/Jim Crow laws. †¢Long term reason for developing Black Civil Rights development gathering speed and bringing issues to light of issue. Past Black Civil rights crusades that enlivened and started e. g. Occasions, for example, Montgomery Bus Boycott which gave MLKing his first enormous position of authority. Additionally Freedom Riders, Brown VS leading body of Ed. †¢Birmingham was one of the most noticeably awful isolated enormous urban communities in the USA †¢History of cruel and fierce isolation and abuse of dark residents, KKK backing and enrollment, focal point of prejudice in the South †¢Government authorities genius isolation †¢SCLC-King’s bunch †¢NAACP was restricted †¢Eg. Bull Connor and †¦.. †¢The disappointment of Albany-absence of exposure. †¢Event †¢Police brutality †¢Dog assaults †¢High pressure hoses †¢Arrests. †¢By-standers savagery †¢Children’s Crusade (essential and auxiliary) †¢Martin Luther King being captured †¢Letter from Birmingham Jail †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Project C† = direct activity and incitement †¢Non-fierce incitements osit ins at White Churches, walks, blacklists, lunch counters and so on. We will compose a custom article test on Birmingham Campaign or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page †¢Use of youngsters to fuel fight Consequence †¢Publicity †¢National/International compassion †¢White kickback †oSixteenth St Baptist Church bombarding slaughtering 4 young ladies oHotel besieged where Martin Luther King Jr and SCLC had stayed oMartin Luther King Jr’s sibling Alfred’s house shelled †¢Riots †¢March on Washington †¢Civil Rights Act of 1964 †¢Governor Wallace sent State Troops to stop integration of schools and accordingly Present Kennedy sent Federal Troops. †¢Martin Luther King’s notoriety (â€Å"I have a dream† discourse). Nobel Peace prize 1964. †¢Positives: oâ€Å"Jim Crow† laws brought down integrating open offices eg Lunch counters, water fountains and so on oAllowed Black business oMore rights for Black residents

The Friendly Friar :: essays research papers

The Friendly Friar      In the dramatization Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, Friar Lawrence is a sort, educated, peacekeeping, and insightful character. He additionally goes about as a foil to the Montaques, Capulets, and the medical attendant. He is a cleric to both the Montaque and Capulet houses. He is a popular individual in the town of Verona. The Friar is a positive figure in the network and fills in as a decent good example for the offspring of Verona.      Friar Lawrence is insightful, taught kind, and harmony adoring. At the point when Romeo comes to disclose to Friar Lawrence about his commitment the Friar offers numerous shrewd suggestions. For example, when he says that youngsters' affection lies in their eyes he implies for Romeo to ensure he adores Juliet for what her identity is and not what she looks like. He additionally reveals to Romeo that ladies may fall when there is no quality in men. This implies on the off chance that he isn't steady and consistent Juliet may become changeable herself. His insight into Greek folklore and his extraordinary comprehension of plants show Friar Lawrence's elevated level of instruction. At the point when he is gathering plants in the start of scene three he talks about the Greek god Titan. His reference to Titan shows he has had some foundation in folklore. Minister Lawrence additionally has a tremendous information on plants and blossoms. Minister Lawrence grows a sublime nur sery which he tends to during the time wherein he isn't satisfying his congregation obligations. He addresses Romeo about a plant that can be utilized for mending or as toxic substance. This conversation leads into a discourse by Friar Lawrence about individuals having a decent side and an awful side like the blossom he talked about. This recommends he knows quite a bit about way of thinking. The minister is likewise extremely kind and harmony cherishing. He is addresses Romeo as though they are closest companions and Romeo appears to truly appreciate being around the minister. They snicker, joke, and examine Romeo's affection life indicating that Romeo is truly agreeable around the minister. The minister is an inside and out hero.      In the dramatization Friar Lawrence goes about as a foil to both the Capulets and the Montaques. The two houses give no indications of endeavoring to cause harmony with each other they to don't appear to truly comprehend what their quarrel is about. Monk Lawrence expresses that he trusts the marriage of Romeo and Juliet will stop their fight.

How to Write a Historiography Step-By-Step Guide

How to Write a Historiography Step-By-Step Guide A historiography or historiographical essay is an examination of different ways in which historians have approached a particular topic. Unlike a research paper, it is not a study of a historical issue, instead, it is an analysis of how the interpretation of historical events by different scholars has changed over time. A historiographical paper has to present a detailed overview of the main works on a topic and summarize and evaluate the arguments of each of those works. For the development of a clear and well-structured essay, you need to follow some crucial steps. Choose a Topic There are several useful strategies for coming up with a topic. The easiest way is to choose one of your assigned readings. Try to look for a topic that is really interesting for you â€" it will make the reading and the writing process much easier. Alternatively, you may brainstorm a topic from scratch. If you take that approach, narrow down the topic to a specific area and focus on a particular historical event or person. Once you have a topic, start looking for works on your subject. Take advantage of a mixture of various books, articles and publications. Generally, books tend to be more influential and relevant, especially for older topics. However, for modern issues, articles are more available. Evaluate the Historians Viewpoints Depending on the source you are using, there are some strategies you can apply to evaluate the scholars stances: Books â€" You need to watch the structure of the book; how the author builds the argument and what he implies is the most important part. Book reviews â€" The best way to find out the point of some work is to read a book review. This will provide you with an insight of how other historians respond to the authors argument. Periodicals â€" Look whether the article is often cited by other authors writing about the same subject. Write Your Historiography There are several possible ways to organize your historiographical paper: You can report writers in chronological order, monitoring changes over time. You may present the main schools of thought regarding your topic and discuss each one separately. If you need to prepare a large paper, you can address the works of the previous historians and describe how they relate to your own analysis. All methods work for preparing a historiography. Once you decide upon the organization, proceed with writing. You should begin your essay with a thesis that presents the issue and introduces your sources. In the main body of your paper, you have to develop the points of agreement or disagreement. You have to analyze why different historians have different opinions on the same subject. Is it due to the national affiliation, ideology or personal experience? These questions go to the heart of your historiographical essay. In a conclusion, briefly summarize the findings and access the credibility of the sources youve used. Make sure your paper is consistent and well-structured. Revise it carefully to confirm that youve presented a cohesive picture of opinions and debate.

Blackfish as a Platform for Animal Rights Essay - 1438 Words

The death of Dawn Brancheau made national news back in 2010. Dawn was working as an orca trainer at the SeaWorld of Orlando when the tragic accident occurred. While doing a relationship session with Tilikum, the largest orca in captivity, Dawn was pulled into the water and drowned. It was a story that not only shocked the nation but left people wondering how something so horrible could happen. Gabriela Cowperthwaite‘s use of the accounts of retired SeaWorld trainers exposed the harsh reality of captured animals in her documentary Blackfish. In creating a piece focused on the life of one orca, Cowperthwaite has allowed viewers to look into the lives of captured animals and has shown the greater social issue of animal rights, the treatment†¦show more content†¦This is not how these animals should be living. One of the most startling facts from Blackfish is that one hundred percent of male orcas in captivity have a floppy dorsal fin, but less than one percent of orcas in the wild have a dorsal fin that flops over (Cowperthwaite). This alone proves that the quality of life for the animals in captivity is horrendous. There are physical traits that are being altered by their years of captivity. The idea of animal rights has been around for centuries. Even decades ago, people were taking action for the welfare of animals. Marc Bekoff and Ned Hettinger share this idea all the way back in 1994 when they said that there is evidence that scientist are concerned with animal welfare by acknowledge that they use the guidelines in place to protect animals during research, in order to have their work published (Bekoff 219). Guidelines are the basis for the moral and ethical treatment of animals. Each person may have his or her own standard, but having a standard among the entire population ensures the welfare of the animals. Unfortunately, these standards are not at a level to where the animals are being protected. Many animals in captivity are treated in ways that would shock the average person. Orcas for example, are starved until they do the desired task (Cowperthwaite). This form of operant condition can lead to success, but often leads to resentment and hostility towards the tra iners. SeaWorld is known for their exhilaratingShow MoreRelatedLife Experience of Sea Animals in Captivity2053 Words   |  9 Pagestragic incidents that has happened at SeaWorld is the story of Dawn Brancheau. Dawn was one of SeaWorld’s best performers. She was the poster girl of SeaWorld appearing on billboards all around. Dawn and the six ton orca, Tili, were at one of the platforms, which is where the trainer stands to feed the orca. Dawn was petting, feeding, and washing Tili. They called this the â€Å"relationship session†. Another whale trainer signaled to Dawn for Tili to swim down to the viewing tanks for the audience to see

Shooter by Walter Dean Myers Teen Book Review

Disturbed by the school shooting at Columbine High School in 1999, Walter Dean Myers decided to research the events of the incident and create a fictionalized story that would carry a powerful message about bullying. Copying the format used by investigators and psychologists to assess the threat of school violence, Myers wrote Shooter as a fictionalized threat analysis report with transcripts of police reports, interviews, medical records, and diary excerpts. Myers format and writing are so authentic that readers will have a hard time believing that the incidents in the book didnt actually occur. The Story On the morning of April 22, 17-year-old Leonard Gray began shooting at students from an upstairs window  at Madison High School. One student was killed. Nine injured. The gunman wrote â€Å"Stop the Violence† in blood on the wall and then proceeded to take his own life. The shooting incident  led to a full-scale analysis on the potential threats of school violence.  Two psychologists, the school superintendent, police officers, an FBI agent, and a medical examiner interviewed and gave reports to help determine what caused Leonard Gray to shoot down his peers. High school students Cameron Porter and Carla Evans knew Leonard Gray and through their interviews reveal details of Leonard’s personal and school life.  We learn that Leonard had a fascination with guns, was overdosing on prescription drugs, and spoke frequently of an enemies list.  The analysis team uncovers that all three students endured constant bullying and came from dysfunctional homes.  All three students were on the outs and kept silent about their own abuse. In the end, Leonard Gray wanted to â€Å"break a hole in the wall of silence† in the most violent way he knew how. The Author Walter Dean Myers knows how to connect with teens, especially teens who are struggling mentally and emotionally. Why? He remembers growing up in the inner city neighborhood of Harlem and getting into trouble. He remembers being teased because of a severe speech impediment. Myers dropped out of school and joined the military at 17, but he knew he could do more with his life. He knew he had a gift for reading and writing and these talents helped him to resist going down a more dangerous and unfulfilling path. Myers stays current with teen struggles and he knows the language of the street. In Shooter his teen characters use street slang that baffles the professionals who are questioning them. Such terms include â€Å"bangers,† â€Å"going dark,† â€Å"on the outs,† and â€Å"sniped.† Myers knows this language because he continues to work in outreach programs with inner city kids from low socioeconomic communities. Another way Myers stays in step with teens is to listen to what they say about his books. Myers often will hire teens to read his manuscripts and give him feedback. In a Scholastic interview, Myers said, â€Å"Sometimes I hire teenagers to read the books. They tell me if they like it, or if they found it boring or interesting. They have very good comments to make. If I go to a school, Ill find teenagers. Sometimes kids write to me and ask me if they can read.†Ã‚   For more about the author,  see reviews of his novels Monster and Fallen Angels. A Powerful Message About Bullying Bullying has changed over the last fifty years. According to Myers, when he was growing up, bullying was something physical. Today, bullying goes beyond physical threats and includes harassment, teasing, and even cyberbullying. The theme of bullying is central to this story. When asked about the message of Shooter, Myers responded, â€Å"I want to send the message that the people who are being bullied are not unique. This is a very common problem that happens in every school. Kids need to recognize and understand that and look for help. I want to say that the people who are doing the shootings and committing the crimes are doing it as a reaction of things that are happening to them.†Ã‚   Overviewand Recommendation Reading Shooter gives the overall impression of  reading a genuine analysis of a shooting incident. The layout of the novel reads as a collection of various reports from a team of professionals who are trying to determine the causes leading to school violence. Clearly, Myers did his research and invested time into studying the types of questions different professionals would ask the teens, and how the teens would respond. One of my favorite  quotes in Shooter occurs when a psychologist asks Cameron if he admired Leonard for what he’d done. Cameron hesitates and then says, â€Å"At first, right after the incident, I didn’t. And I don’t think I admire him now. But the more I think about him, the more I talk about him, the more I understand him. And when you understand somebody that changes your relationship with them.† Cameron understood Leonard’s actions. He didn’t agree with them, but because of his own experience with bullying Leonard’s actions made sense—which is a frightening thought. If everyone who was bullied reacted on their instincts to get revenge, the violence in schools would escalate. Myers doesn’t offer solutions to bullying in this book, but he does put forth reasons for why shooting incidents are occurring. This is not a simple story, but a complicated and disturbing look at the tragedy that can result from bullying. It is a compelling and insightful must-read for teens. Due to the mature themes of this book, Shooter is recommended  for ages 14 and up. (Amistad Press, 2005. ISBN: 9780064472906) Sources Scholastic Interview.â€Å"Walter Dean Myers Biography.†Ã‚  Encyclopedia of World Biography.

How Body Image Is Defined As The Way You View Yourself

Bodies. We all have one yet none of them are â€Å"perfect’, or so we tell ourselves. Body image is defined as the way you view yourself, let it be positive or negative. The images in the media of celebrities and the message they portray about the value of appearances promote eating disorders and body dissatisfaction while impacting the emotional and mental well-being in women. Thin has always been the beauty standard to strive for in America. As stated by many researchers, the models of today are dramatically thinner than the models of the past. As each year goes by, the front cover models and the A-List celebrities reach new levels in their thinness, even reaching a level thinner than the criteria for anorexia (Grabe, Hyde, Ward 2008). All†¦show more content†¦Women make up to 80% of bulimia nervosa patients. Since bulimia sufferers look to be an average weight, it s difficult to see they are struggling. However, both anorexia and bulimia can be treated if detected early on. Models and the pressure to be thin has turned women against their own bodies. These images, the focus on appearances, and thinness has been proven to have a negative impact on women. Magazine articles, television shows, and advertisements have also created a social context that may contribute to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in girls and women. Wiseman and colleagues (1992) found a significant increase in advertisements for diet foods and diet products for the years 1973–1991. â€Å"Beauty and fashion magazines significantly impact the process of identity development in young women, especially with regards to gender-role learning, identity formation, and the development of values and beliefs† (Arnett, 1995; Thomsen et al., 2001). In one survey, the number one wish of girls aged 11–17 who were given three magic wishes for anything they wanted was â€Å"to lose weight and keep it off†(Kilbourne, 1994). Research has shown that the media plays a b ig part in the development of eating disorders, and, therefore, the prevention of these

Teamwork And Team Effectiveness Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss About the Teamwork And Team Effectiveness Connecting It With Effective Communication, A Critical Analysis Of Ethics In Communication Which Can Be Linked With Team Effectiveness Is Also Provided. Answer: Introduction A team is created to accomplish goals by using the resources available optimally. Each member of a team must contribute towards the success of the team. Face-to- face communication should be used to handle issues within a team and an open communication model should be adopted within a team (Galegher, Kraut and Egido 2014).Direct and open communication should be encouraged within members of a team. Teams which score high on general mental ability (GMA), agreeableness, conscientiousness, extraversion and emotional stability generally demonstrate high team-performance based on rating by supervisors (Crawford and Lepine 2013). The communication styles and strength of communication within the members of a team are often the key indicators for successful collaboration among team members which lead to high-performance teams (Daspit et al. 2013). For some, teamwork is an enjoyable experience while for others teamwork can be a stressful experience and they prefer to perform individually. The attributes that are required by an individual to be an effective team player are reliability, ability to communicate constructively and effectively, listening skills, ability to share information, knowledge and experience openly and willingly, ability to co-operate to accomplish common goals, ability to embrace changes and be flexible, problem solving skills, ability to treat all other team members in a respectful manner, ability to function as an active participant. In this essay, the literature on teamwork and team effectiveness is reviewed. The role of effective communication on team effectiveness is analyzed. Ethical communication is further linked with team effectiveness. Generally, the high-performing teams abide by ethical principles in their policies, practices and communication style. Team Work, Team Effectiveness, Team Performance In the year 1977, Rubin Plovnic and Fry suggested a model for team effectiveness. This model is also known as GRPI model. According to this model, a team requires four parts which are Goals, Roles, Processes and Interpersonal relationships in order to be effective. Goals are objectives that are well-defined and priorities and expectations should be clearly communicated to members of a team during the process of goal setting. The roles are responsibilities of the team members which are well defined. The decision making processes as well as the process of work should have clarity within a team. Interpersonal relationships within team members should foster trust, flexibility and good communication (Belbin 2012).The authors Douglas Smith and Jon Katzenbach unveiled a model for team effectiveness after studying the challenges related to work faced by different teams of various companies across the globe . The model is in the form of a triangle and collective work products, personal growth and performance results are the major deliverables of a team and they form the three points of a triangle. Commitment, skills and accountability are the factors which are of paramount importance in order to achieve the team deliverables to make the team effective. In the year 1995, Michael Lombardo and Robert Eichinge developed the T7 model of team effectiveness. The five internal factors which are responsible for the effectiveness of a team according to the T7 team effectiveness model are trust, talent, task skills, team skills, thrust and teaming skills. The external factors which are responsible for the effectiveness of a team are the team leader fit and the support the team receives from an organization. The authors Carl Larson and Frank LaFasto studied 600 teams in organizations across the globe and suggested the La Fasto and Carl Larson model for team effectiveness. This model was proposed in the year 2001 and is known as the Five Dynamics of Team Work and Collaboration. Acco rding to this model, selecting the right person is the first step towards effectiveness of a team; the relationships shared by the members of a team determine the effectiveness of a team. In this model it is suggested that good relationships among team members contribute towards the problem solving capability of a team which is related to the effectiveness of the team (West2012).The model also suggests that team leadership and organizational environment contribute substantially towards the effectiveness of a team (Wang, Waldman and Zhang 2014). In the year 2002, J. Richard Hackman proposed a model for effectiveness of a team. According to this model, effective teams have a boundary that delineates who is a part of the team and follow a compelling direction with clear and challenging goals. This model points out that the structure of an effective team should enhance teamwork and a team should have organizational support and expert coaching in order to be effective. Working in a team enhances the capacity of problem solving and allows the flow of innovative ideas within a team (Maxwell 2013). Communication and Team Effectiveness A key aspect of teamwork and team effectiveness is communication. A proper communication model and strategy must be adopted by organizations to create highly effective teams. The three metrics of communication that affect the performance of a team are energy, engagement and exploration. The energy metrics of communication determines quality of communication and the amount of communication that is fostered among team members. For instance, electronic mode of communication like emails and text messages have less impact on team performance while face-to-face communications boost higher energy among team members and affect the performance of a team. Another metrics of communication which has impact on teamwork and performance of a team are engagement. The teams which demonstrate partial engagement among team members do not contribute towards high organizational performance. High engagement and high performance within a team can be fostered by high and equal energy among team members resu lting in good cohesion and engagement among team members (DeOrtentiis et al. 2013).Exploration is also the third metrics of communication which determines high performance of a team. Most of the global organizations adopt an open communication model and a culture of innovation and creativity. The exploration metrics for communication is highly essential for such innovative organizations. Exploration metrics of communication reflect how the members of a team communicate with the external environment like teams, companies and industry of the external environment. This external communication level also has a positive impact on the effectiveness of a team. The high performing teams and teams with a higher team effectiveness generally demonstrate characteristics of effective communication like the conversations and gestures among team members are energetic with more face-to-face conversations and members coordinate among one another and not only with the team leader. Team members with hi gh effectiveness of team generally take periodic breaks and explore the outside world to collect, gather and analyze information from the external environment (Maxwell 2013).This information from external sources is vital for teamwork because information from macro-environment can provide valuable data related to competition, market and customers. It has been found that socializing can substantially improve the interpersonal communication among team members. High- performing team also demonstrates effective listening skills and ability to communicate effectively both verbally and non-verbally using gestures. A high performing team with an effective communication model among team members receives support from team leaders and the organization which is suggested in the models of team effectiveness. Teams which follow an open communication model are generally supported by transformation team leaders who allow autonomy and flexibility among team members. Organizations that develop an ef fective communication strategy among teams also invest in training the team members on effective communication strategy (Boies, Fiset and Gill 2015). It has been found that in decision making teams, communication plays a vital role while in general teams, the literature provides little evidence in connection between communication and team performance. In general teams, team performance can be linked with demography and team size (Joshi and Knight 2015). It has been found that teams dealing with complex tasks that require higher level of information and cognitive decision making is affected by degree of communication among team members. Team Work, Communication and Ethics Communication and ethics can also be linked and an ethical communication among team members generally contributes towards high-performing team. The effectiveness of a team increases when managers and leaders organize workshops for team members which focus on work ethics. These workshops make team members aware about the ethics which are in alignment with the vision, mission and strategic goals of an organization thus increasing the performance of the team. Standards should be set by an organization and these standards for acceptable behavior should be clearly communicated to team members to enhance team effectiveness. The ethical practices that members of an effective team generally adhere to are being punctual, being responsible, working with an optimistic attitude, respecting and collaborating with team members and communicating with ethical values (Gonzlez-Rom and Hernndez 2014). Ethical behavior among team members should be driven by values and team members of high-performing teams follow a code of moral standards that enable them to distinguish between right and wrong. High-performing team and teams which demonstrate effectiveness generally align their communication model around a strict code of ethics. The ethical values of high-performing team are in alignment with the vision and values of the organization they work for which are reflected in interpersonal communication among team members (Walumbwa, Morrison and Christensen 2012).Communication ethics that determine effectiveness of a team are maintaining balance between speaking and listening, degree of criticism and praise and the legitimacy of emotional appeal and fear. Communication training can reduce biases and discrimination among team members related to culture, ethnicity, language barriers and race. Ethical communication training can foster cultural tolerance and cultural sensitivity among team me mbers. Stereotypes among team members can also be reduced by effective communication training related to ethics. This kind of ethical communication is of paramount importance in a high-performing culturally diverse global team. In this world of globalization, organizations rely on virtual teams with team members based on different geographical location (Maynard et al. 2012). Ethical communication and transparency play a vital role for team effectiveness of virtual teams because team members do not get a chance to meet physically(Hoch and Kozlowski 2014).The team members of a high-performing team are provided training on ethics and compliance programs. The team leaders and managers should not only set goals for the members of a team but should also focus on increasing awareness among team members about workplace ethics and ethical communication. In an effective and high performing team of an organization, generally the team members adhere to a written ethical code of conduct. Organiz ations with high-performing teams often have written code of conduct related to ethics and ethical communication within team members. Some employees possess strong sets of values in their personal and professional life, however other team members especially members of a team who lack previous experience must be trained on ethics and transparency. The ethical issues like lack of hygiene factors at workplace, issues related to quality, customer dissatisfaction, and ethical issues related to stereotypes and low cultural sensitivity resulting in conflicts can be resolved when teams are trained in ethical values (Bradley et al. 2012). Conclusion It can be concluded that teamwork and team-effectiveness is of paramount importance in todays fast paced, competitive and highly volatile business environment. Team work fosters collaboration and brainstorming within a team. Team performance increases when team members work in cohesion and organizational objectives are reached when people work together in a team. Organizational productivity increases when individuals collaborate and perform effectively within a team to accomplish organizational goals. Thus, working in teams should be practiced while pursuing education in universities. Team work foster better decision making skills among students and enable them to respect the viewpoint of team members. Teamwork at universities enables students to develop tolerance and respect for their teammates who belong to a different cultural background, ethnicity, race or language. It is recommended that students should adhere to teamwork at universities to develop skills of effectively working within a team which will help them when they enter the corporate world. Team effectiveness can also be linked with communication and ethics. It is recommended that teams should follow an open communication model, should adopt transparency among team members and team leaders, should work in harmony and avoid biases and stereotypes to enhance team effectiveness. Ethical values like respect for diversity and organizational code of conduct should be fostered within a team to enhance team effectiveness and increase team performance. It is recommended that team members should be trained in formal training programs which will increase their awareness about ethical values, so that they can adopt the same while communicating with all stakeholders. References Belbin, R.M., 2012.Team roles at work. Routledge. Boies, K., Fiset, J. and Gill, H., 2015. Communication and trust are key: Unlocking the relationship between leadership and team performance and creativity.The Leadership Quarterly,26(6), pp.1080-1094. Bradley, B.H., Postlethwaite, B.E., Klotz, A.C., Hamdani, M.R. and Brown, K.G., 2012. Reaping the benefits of task conflict in teams: the critical role of team psychological safety climate.Journal of Applied Psychology,97(1), p.151. Crawford, E.R. and Lepine, J.A., 2013. A configural theory of team processes: Accounting for the structure of taskwork and teamwork.Academy of Management Review,38(1), pp.32-48. Daspit, J., Justice Tillman, C., Boyd, N.G. and Mckee, V., 2013. Cross-functional team effectiveness: An examination of internal team environment, shared leadership, and cohesion influences.Team Performance Management: An International Journal,19(1/2), pp.34-56. Galegher, J., Kraut, R.E. and Egido, C., 2014.Intellectual teamwork: Social and technological foundations of cooperative work. Psychology Press. Gonzlez-Rom, V. and Hernndez, A., 2014. Climate uniformity: Its influence on team communication quality, task conflict, and team performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,99(6), pp.1042-1058. Hoch, J.E. and Kozlowski, S.W., 2014. Leading virtual teams: Hierarchical leadership, structural supports, and shared team leadership.Journal of applied psychology,99(3), p.390. Joshi, A. and Knight, A.P., 2015. Who defers to whom and why? Dual pathways linking demographic differences and dyadic deference to team effectiveness.Academy of Management Journal,58(1), pp.59-84. Maxwell, J.C., 2013.The 17 indisputable laws of teamwork: Embrace them and empower your team. Thomas Nelson Inc. Maynard, M.T., Mathieu, J.E., Rapp, T.L. and Gilson, L.L., 2012. Something (s) old and something (s) new: Modeling drivers of global virtual team effectiveness.Journal of Organizational Behavior,33(3), pp.342-365. DeOrtentiis, P., K. Summers, J., P. Ammeter, A., Douglas, C. and R. Ferris, G., 2013. Cohesion and satisfaction as mediators of the team trustteam effectiveness relationship: An interdependence theory perspective.Career Development International,18(5), pp.521-543. Walumbwa, F.O., Morrison, E.W. and Christensen, A.L., 2012. Ethical leadership and group in-role performance: The mediating roles of group conscientiousness and group voice.The Leadership Quarterly,23(5), pp.953-964. Wang, D., Waldman, D.A. and Zhang, Z., 2014. A meta-analysis of shared leadership and team effectiveness. West, M.A., 2012.Effective teamwork: Practical lessons from organizational research. John Wiley Sons.